AP Comparative Government: Use the links here to complete this lesson on UK Devolution by Monday, Feb. 2.
BBC: A quick guide -- quick examples of devolved powers in Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and the City of London.
This cartoon by Schrank from The Independent relates to a topic we'll be hearing a lot more about in the months and years to come: Scottish independence.
UK prime minister David Cameron and leader of the opposition Labour party Ed Miliband are in a rowing boat on Loch Ness. All of a sudden, a great tartan monster rises from the depths (in fact, it's Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond, who is leading the fight for independence). Cameron and Miliband exclaim, "It's monstrous!".
EXPLANATION
The cartoonist plays on the two meanings of the word 'monstrous'. If you describe something as monstrous, you mean that it is extremely frightening because it appears unnatural or ugly (just like a monster, in fact). However, monstrous can also be used to describe an event that you consider to be extremely shocking or unfair. • She endured his monstrous behaviour for years. Both Cameron and Miliband are opposed to Scottish independence (and the consequent break-up of the UK), which explains their horrified reaction.
The Un-United Kingdom -- After more than 300 years of union, is Scotland ready to declare independence?
UK Polling Report: Scottish Independence Referendum -- Where is public opinion on the referendum vote tracking? Also check out the latest political polls of the parties in the UK.
Answer the following questions in the comment section of this post by Monday:
- Define Devolution. Identify one institution created by devolution in the UK in the past 15 years.
- The advent of devolution in the UK, especially since 1997, has complicated and confused understanding of the UK system vs. the US system. Compare/contrast the US constituional principle that relates most to devolution. How is the US principle similar? How is it different?
- Give a quick summary of the Northern Ireland Good Friday referendum in 1998 and the prediction for the Scottish Independence vote (scheduled for Sept, 2014).
37 comments:
1. Devolution is the transfer of powers in areas like health and education, but not defense, to the UK's regions. so basically decentralization of government. Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland both have their own Assemblies/Parliament because of this, and they have their own portion of government to overlook.
2. Devolution is like federalism in which the federal gov gives the states certain powers, but the federal gov has supremacy when laws clash against each other. there is a lot more cooperation in the US system, through the use of such things like block grants, but there is also a lot of tension between which government is more powerful and if we should be wary of a stronger fed gov.
3. the good friday agreement was a development of which power would be devolved between northern ireland and the republic of ireland. there were two referenda, the northern referendum asked voters if they supported a multi-party agreement, and the republic asked voters if they would allow necessary political change. i don't think scotland will have the vote passed. even though in the past few months the yes lead has decreased steadily, the cons outweigh the pros in the whole shebang and i think most voters have the right idea.
1. Devolution: decentralization of national power to create a limited self government, in the case of Great Britain- Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. An institution created from devolution was the Scottish Parliament.
2. An example of a constitutional principle of devolution in the U.S. and the U.K. are states' rights. Federalism redistributes some of the national power to the states, allowing limited self government. Federalism also shows how the US lacks constitutional principles based on devolution. Only the federal government has control of war, foreign policy, and international trade.
3. The Good Friday Agreement was a peace agreement between British and Irish governments that decided how Northern Ireland was to be governed. In 2014, I predict the Scottish will not vote yes on the independence referendum. The polls show the majority are voting "no". I think it would cause a decrease in stability for both countries and primarily have a negative impact.
1. Devolution: It is the process where power of the national government is decentralized to other more local political institutions.
An example of devolution is the National Assembly of Wales who has the job of appointing assembly ministers who oversee policy areas.
2. The difference between devolution in the U.K. and the U.S. is its level of sovereignty. The Parliament always has final say. In the U.S., the states still have some guaranteed privileges through the constitution. However the U.K. and U.S. are similar in their devolution because they both strive for efficiency within their nation by splitting up the task of governing.
3. The Good Friday Agreement set up an elected assembly and power sharing executive in Northern Ireland. This help settle disputes between the United Kingdom and Ireland over how Northern Ireland was going to be governed. Personally, I believe that it will be a very close vote, but the Scottish will not vote for independence. They have relied on the unity of the U.K. for over 300 years. They are dependent on the economy, welfare, and governing system. They may desire change and may say that they are ready for it; however, there will still be a majority that thinks the region is better off staying with the U.K.
1. Devolution is the transfer of national power to create a limited self government. In the case of U.K devolution, two examples of institutions created for the purpose of devolution were the Scottish and Welsh Parliaments during Tony Blair's term.
2. The U.S constitutional principle most related to devolution is federalism. However, the difference between U.S federalism and U.K devolution is the extent of those institutions sovereignty; in the U.S state governments have considerably more authority and responsibility than those in the U.K.
3.The Good Friday Agreement between Northern Ireland and the U.K began the process of devolution within Northern Ireland by creating a variety of new institutions, including the Northern Ireland Assembly and Executive. In my opinion the Scottish vote will be close like many of these votes for independence, but I do believe that Scotland will remain a part of the U.K because there are countless benefits of being a part of the U.K.
1. Devolution: the process of decentralizing power from national governments that stops just short of federalism. Basically putting power from the national Gov. to more local/state Gov. An example of this was the giving of power to the Irish in October 2006, the British and Irish governments announced the St Andrews Agreement, a 'road map' giving several policing and justice powers to Ireland.
2. The difference between the U.S. and the U.K. system is how much power the local gov and the national gov have. In the U.S. it's more balanced with the national gov power being split and giving the states almost as much power, while the U.K.'s local government is still not very powerful and the parliament has a ton of power. The systems are the same in that the national gov has the highest authority in the land.
3. The Good Friday Agreement was a peace agreement between the IRA, Northern Ireland, and the British government to decide how northern Ireland would govern itself. I agree with Ester in that it will be a close vote but they will say yes for independence. I don't have any facts or reason to back that up other hoping for the independence just to see what happens.
1. Devolution is the transfer of powers from central government to regional and local governments. An example of this is how Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales all have their own assemblies and parliament, with their appropriate portion to govern, because of this process.
2. Devolution is a lot like the principle of federalism. In both devolution and federalism, certain powers are given to local/regional governments. However, I believe that the biggest difference between them is that in the United States, the supremacy clause overrules everything and therefore the federal government has complete control over many things.
3. The Good Friday Agreement was a peace agreement reached by the Irish and British governments on how Northern Ireland was going to be governed. I too believe that the vote will be very close but I do not think that the Scottish will vote for independence. While many strongly believe that they are ready to be their own sovereign state, I think they are still very dependent on the U.K's unity and benefits.
1. Devolution- the transfer of power to a lower level especially by a central government to a local or regional administration. Devolution has created the Scottish Parliament, National Assembly of Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly.
2. Federalism relates the most to devolution. They are the same because they are both the sharing of power between institutions. Federalism is different from devolution because federalism is all within one single country, the USA, while devolution is a bunch of countries under a joint governing system. Therefore the US government has supreme control over states, but the English government works with the other governments as a partner.
3. The Good Friday Referendum of 1998 was a power sharing peace agreement between England and Ireland. It was brokered by the US. The prediction for the Scottish vote is that they will remain with the union.
1. Devolution is the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration. An example would be how the UK has several localized powers, including Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
2. Devolution is comparable to the U.S. concept of federalism. Both processes give a portion of their power to local authorities, however, devolution allows the federal government to reign supreme. In federalism, there are certain political issues that the federal government deliberately does not take part in.
3. The Good Friday Agreement referendum, 1998 was a referendum held in Northern Ireland over whether there was support for the Good Friday Agreement, which was a major political development in the Northern Ireland peace process of the 1990s. Northern Ireland's present devolved system of government is based on the Agreement. The Agreement also created a number of institutions between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. I think that many of the Scottish people wish to be separate for nationalist reasons, mainly involving pride, but are slowly realizing that they are too dependent on the UK economically.
1. Devolution is basically transferring a higher central power into subnational authorities. This can be either into regional powers, or even smaller bureaucratic powers. In the case of the UK, an institution may be the Scottish parliament.
2. Federalism is the best comparison for devolution in the UK. States have their own rights and freedoms that they can employ, however sovereignty and the right of the state belongs solely to parliament.
3. The Good Friday Agreement was a political agreement that decided how Northern Ireland would be governed, Politically, it would be part of the UK, instigating a separation between politics and religious affiliation. In 2014, I believe that Scotland will not vote in favor for independence, just because they know that their political endeavors won't be as strong without the Uk's support, but also that people don't really want to separate from a stronger power.
1.) Devolution: The process of decentralizing power from national governments that stops short of federalism. An example of this would be the establishment of the Scottish Parliament. It gave power from centralized government to the more localized Scottish Parliament.
2.) UK devolution can be most closely related to the United States federalist system of state's rights against federal power. Both systems involve giving power to more localized governing bodies. A major difference between the two would be the protection of these powers. The US constitution protects the states from having power taken away by the federal government. However, in the UK, the supreme ruling body has the power to take away any powers given.
3.) The Good Friday Agreement was a political development in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland's movement for peace. It established new devolved systems of government in Northern Ireland, and established various institutions between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland as well as between the Republic of Ireland and the UK. The Northern Ireland Good Friday referendum asked the Northern Irish people whether or not they supported the agreement. A majority approved. It does not look like the Scottish Independence vote will pass. There isn't a lot of support.
1. Devolution- the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, esp. by central government to local or regional administration. It is a process designed to decentralise government and give more powers to the three nations which, together with England, make up the UK.
2. US federalism is most similar to UK devolution because it gives the states certain powers just as the UK's powers are delegated to Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. It differs from devolution because all the states pretty much receive identical rights, while devolution is applied in different ways in each nation due to historical and administrative differences.
3.The Good Friday Agreement was a peace agreement between the IRA, Northern Ireland, and the British government to decide how northern Ireland would govern itself. Although it will most likely be close, I believe that Scotland will remain a part of the UK because it has many benefits and has been dependent on it.
1. Devolution is a thansfer of powers to all areas except for defense. Basically limited self rule/governance. For Great Britain they are devolving power to Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
2. Federalism and Devolution are similar in the way they handle sharing power. The Federal Government in both system give power to more localized branches of government, but the Federal Government still supercedes them.
3. The Good Friday Agreement was brokered between Northern Ireland and the British Government and how Northern Ireland should be governed. In 2014 there will be a referendum in England trying to determin if Scotland should be a part of England or not. I doubt the referendum will pass. In the vast majority of cases, England has good relations with it's former colonies, and Scotland is no exception (Ireland on the other hand...) so I doubt Scotland will really care to disrupt their Status Quo. They have no real reason to abandon the UK.
1. Devolution: granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a subnational level
2. Devolution is similar to federalism in America. The US national government has its own centralized powers, such as taxes or banks, while they allow states to have authority over their own policies such as education and gay rights. The federal government is sovereign, and it grants powers to its non-sovereign counterparts, much like how devolution is in the UK. A major difference between the UK's system and our federal system is that we base out power distribution on the Constitution, whereas in the UK they have to work to get their power.
3. The Good Friday Agreement is the basis for Northern Ireland's presently devolved system. A referendum was held in 1998 to decided if the Agreement is supported or not. Both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland agreed. My prediction for the Scottish vote is that they will vote for independence. Although there are many perks to belonging to the UK and they have been a part of the group for a very long time, they would rather be on their own.
For 1. an example of an institution created by devolution would be the Scottish Parliament.
1. Devolution is the transfer of power from a national government to a limited self government. Ex. Scottish parliament
2. The closest US example would be federalism. The major difference would be that the states have more power than local governments in the UK.
3. The "Good Friday Agreement" was an agreement between the UK and Ireland establishing more devolution in N. Ireland. I believe the vote will be a No in Scotland. I feel like if they did gain independence this will weaken both the UK and Scotland itself.
1. Devolution: the transfer of power from a central government to subnational authorities.An example of this would be the Northern Ireland Assembly.
2. Federalism is the most alike between the two nations because there are certain powers given to each regional or local government. I'd say a difference would be how the nations protect their powers. The US protects state power through the constitution, while the UK can take away powers.
3. The Good Friday Agreement was basically an agreement that ended the war/fighting in Ireland between the Irish and British governments. I feel like they'll stay with the union though.
1. Devolution is the transfer of some powers from the UK to its different regions and nations. These powers include health and education, but do not include defense. Institutions created by devolution are the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly.
2. The U.S. constitutional principle most similar to devolution is federalism. One way these vary is that devolution is different for each of the different nations, while federalism allocates all the same rights to states and local governments. It is also different how England is run by the UK government only, as this was the reason D.C. was put outside of any state. Devolution and Federalism are similar in the fact that the central government remains in charge of international affairs and defense. They are also similar in the fact that they give power to the local governments over local matters that directly affect them and can be handled more directly.
3. The Good Friday Agreement was a set up in Northern Ireland that established a power-sharing system that allows the institutions run by the First Minister and Deputy to establish laws that apply to their domain. So far the polls are still being lead by "no" for the secession of Scotland, and while the polls fluctuate with how much the no is leading, it seems to come in waves and I don't think that they will ultimately come up with all the support necessary to establish the independence.
1.Devolution is the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration. An examples of this in the UK are the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly.
2. Devolution is similar to the U.S.'s federalism. Federalism a governmental system in which authority is divided between two sovereign levels of government: state and national. These are similar because they both spread out their governmental responsibilities. However, in the U.S. the states have more protection over their rights as oppose to the UK, where these rights can be taken away by the parliament.
3. The Good Friday Agreement was the major political and peace agreement with Northern Ireland which has set up its current devolved system of government. I believe that Scotland will vote no in the referendum. They aren't ready to become their own country because they have been dependent on the UK for so long.
1. Devolution- the granting of power from a central government to a sovereign state as a form of decentralization.
2.Devolution in the UK is somewhat similar to US federalism in that both give power from the main governing body, to the smaller and more local governments. However, unlike the UK government where issues in the smaller bodies can be separated from the whole, federal government in the US has complete control over certain area.
3. The Good Friday Agreement, or the Belfast Agreement, was a political development that set up a peace agreement between Irish and British governments to decide how Northern Ireland would govern itself. A majority of Northern Irish have said they approve of the agreement and it does not look like the Scottish will be voting for independence.
1. Devolution: The decentralization of national government to create a limited self government. An example of a institution created by this would be the Scottish Parliament.
2. An example of the US's version of devolution would be Federalism. In the US, the states have their own form of limited self government,allowing for the people of a state to govern themselves over their day to day lives, similar to what Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales have. The difference is that the national government in the UK retains final say in matters, and the US's national government acknowledges it cannot infringe on certain states rights.
3. The Good Friday agreement was a agreement between Britain and Ireland that set up the Northern Ireland government. I do not think that Scotland will have enough votes to get independence from Britain.
1. Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a subnational level, such as a regional, local, or state level. Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland all have their own Assemblies/Parliament because of this.
2. Federalism is similar to devolution because they share the same idea of sharing power between subnational/local/regional governments. They are differ from each other because devolved powers of the subnational authority may be temporary and ultimately reside in the central government. Legislation creating devolved parliaments or assemblies can be repealed by the central government, but in the U.S. if the state's legislation does not come into conflict with the constitution/federal law, then the federal government has no right to repeal any legislation.
3. The Good Friday Agreement was a political agreement between the British and Irish governments that decided how Northern Ireland should be governed. They asked the public if they supported the agreement, majority said yes. For the Scottish Independence vote, I think that they will not be able to get the votes they would need in order to break away from the UK. Personally I don't think that Scotland has the resources and the support to make it as an independent nation.
1. Devolution is the transfer of powers from a central government to local or state powers. The Scottish parliament was created by devolution of the United Kingdom government.
2. Federalism and Devolution are similar in the way that in both cases, there is a main central government, with smaller regional governments. They are different in the way that federalism and state powers are protected by the constitution, while parliaments created by devolution can be taken away by the United Kingdom at any time.
3. The Good Friday Agreement was where the UK and Ireland decided how Northern Ireland would be governed, which was decided to be devolution with the UK. I think that the vote will be against independence, only because people there are relatively safe and protected under United Kingdom, and would't want to lose that.
1. Devolution: the transfer of powers from central government to regional and local governments. Like how Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales all have their own assemblies and parliament.
2. US federalism is most similar to UK devolution because it gives the states certain powers just as the UK's powers are delegated to Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. But it differs from devolution because the states pretty much follow the same rules, while devolution is applied in different ways in each nation due to historical and administrative differences.
3. The Good Friday Referendum of 1998 was a power sharing peace agreement between England and Ireland. It was brokered by the US. I believe that Scotland's referendum will not vote in favor for independence, because they cannot function without as a country in supporting themselves without the help of the uk as a whole.
1. Devolution is the decentralization of the national government to smaller and more local institutions. An example of an institution that has been created due to the process of decentralization is the National Assembly of Wales.
2. Essentially, Devolution is like Federalism. The central government is giving the smaller institutions power. However,unlike our U.S system, there seems to be a lot more instability within the government. I think this spawns from the lack of cooperation between the states inside the U.K in general. How do you expect to be able to have an efficient government if everyone can't get along?
3. The Good Friday Agreement was an agreement of peace between the British and the Irish governments on how Northern Ireland was to be governed. I do not think that Scotland will get the majority it needs on the referendum to gain their independence. I think if Scotland did gain it's independence, there would be a lot of tension geographically and politically for along time.
1. Devolution: The transfer of powers from a national government to local governments. Examples of this are Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
2. The constitutional principle most similar between the UK and the US is federalism. The diffrence between them is this level of sovereignty between the type; the US has signifcantly more power in the lower governments than the UK.
3. The Good Friday agreement was a peace agreement between Norhtern Ireland and Britain, it began the devolution of powers in Northern Ireland. In my opinion, i believe Scotland will remain a part of the UK, as it would cause far more harm for the country to have to adjust rather than just staying.
1. Devolution-decentralization of national government to a limited local government. Institution created from the process of devolution in last 15 years was the Scottish Parliament.
2. The U.S. constitutional principle that most closely relates is federalism. It contrasts from federalism in the way that federalism balances powers from state to national more than that of devolution in the UK. The UK is more lopsided in power in favor of the Parliament. They compare in the way that the highest power comes from the national stage of government (White House and Parliament).
3. The Good Friday agreement was a referendum of peace between Northern Ireland and the British Government, where compromise through devolution was involved. Scotland will not become a free country because they rely too heavily on the UK as a whole, and could not withstand individually.
1. Devolution is the transfer of Whitehall powers in areas like education and health - but not, for example, defence - to the UK's nations and regions. The Scottish parliament is an example of an institution created by UK devolution.
2. The U.S system of federalism and the U.K's system of devolution are similar because they both balance federal control and giving certain powers to states/regional governments. However, they are also different because the US constitution protects the states powers from being taken away while the ruling body in London can take away any powers given.
3. The Good Friday Agreement provided Northern Ireland’s divided society with a political framework to resolve its differences by setting up an elected assembly and power sharing executive in Northern Ireland. Looking at the polls, I think Scotland will ultimately vote no on independence but it will be a close vote.
1. Devolution is the transfer of power to a lower level-particularly by central government to local or regional administration. An example of this is Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales all having their separate parliaments and assemblies.
2. Devolution can be compared to federalism in the US. In the US, federalism divides the powers between the state government and the federal government. However, in the UK, the sovereignty goes solely to parliament.
3. The Good Friday Agreement (also known as the Belfast agreement) was a peace agreement between the British and Northern Ireland governments signifying the end of the war in Northern Ireland against British rule. It also helped decide how Northern Ireland would be governed. Northern Ireland's current devolved system of government is based on this agreement. I think that Scotland will not vote in favor for independence because I do not believe they are stable or strong enough without the UK.
1. Devolution is defined as the process in which a national or centralized government gives power to more localized governments. An example of devolution in the UK would be the development of self-governing bodies in Scotland and Wales.
2. An example of a constitutional principle that involves devolution would be the importance of states' rights. In the US, federalism carefully balances the powers of the federal government and state (local) governments, which allows limited self-government. However, in the US, the Tenth Amendment explains how any powers not explicitly given to the federal government are given to the states. Therefore, America was not based off of such strict national authority like the UK that it needed to devolve constantly.
3. The Good Friday Agreement allowed Northern Ireland to get an elected assembly in order to bring peace with Britain. In 2014, I contend that the Scottish people will not yes on the referendum for independence. The polls clearly illustrate that many people will vote no. If there was a substantial vote for yes, the whole political system of the UK would change and I do not the traditional government or stagnant economy can successfully handle such a drastic change.
1. Devolution in general is spreading of powers from a centralized government to regional (local) governments. One institution in the UK created by Devolution recently is the Scottish parliament.
2. FEDERALISM is the US constitutional principal that relates most to devolution because it is a sharing of powers between the national government and the state governments. It is not exactly the same as devolution, however, because our states have some guaranteed rights in terms of power, whereas in the UK Parliament is always the supreme authority.
3. The Good Friday agreement was a peace-making referendum for Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and the UK. The referendum decided how Northern Ireland would be governed by creating several new institutions. I predict that Scotland WILL become an independent country because of the devolution and conflicts leading up this referendum.
1. Devolution: the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, ex; In the UK, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland have individual assemblies to oversee their portion of government.
2. The US constitutional principle most similar to devolution is federalism. In both countries, the central government grants power to local governments while supremacy lies in central governments, however the system in the US has a much greater balance. The central government of the US can be limited by it's states, and the UK's parliament is much more powerful.
3. The Good Friday agreement was a peace agreement between Ireland and Britain which established the logistics of shared government in Northern Ireland.
I believe the Scottish independence referendum will be close, however the majority will choose to stay loyal to the UK. The UK provides economic stability for Scotland, as well as welfare and healthcare, things that most citizens aren't ready to give up.
1)Devolution:is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a subnational level, such as a regional, local, or state level. An example of devolution in the UK is the formation of the National Assembly of Wales and Scottish Parliament in which regional government has greater access to help its constituents.
2)Devolution differs from federalism in that the devolved powers of the sub-national authority may be temporary and ultimately reside in central government. Federalism, similar to devolution does grant power from the central government to more regional or state level governments; however in the US federalism is constitutionally protected. This in turn then shifts the power of government among a greater number of governments resulting in a limited government. In the case of war, foreign policy and international commerce, the federal government as sole control of these categories. Either case though, the central government maintains ultimate authority.
3)The Good Friday Agreement was an agreement signifying an end to the war in Ireland against British Rule and British presence in the country. The agreement was signed between the British and Irish governments on 10 April, 1998. Following the war for Independence, Ireland was declared a free state except for six counties in the north. In terms of the upcoming Scotland Independence vote I predict the vote will not pass although there is support for a separation. The vote would cause many issues and instability between the two countries that would bring negative results
Devolution: The process of national power becoming decentralized to other, more local, political institutions. (e.g. Ireland, via Great Britain)
US versus UK: While devolution has allowed for more political power to be distributed among the localities in Great Britain, its process in the US is even more noticeable. While the Parliament has the final say in governing, the states that make up America have even greater power, with the power to even circumvent some of the more contested laws decreed by the federal government.
Good Friday Agreement: Compromise (it's not a dirty word) between the Irish government and the British government deciding how the northern portion of Ireland was going to be governed. Though the referendum is rapidly approaching, I don't believe the Irish people will sacrifice the uneasy peace they already have with the British and give up their political stability just for dominance over another piece of Ireland.
1. Devolution is the granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a subnational level, such as a regional, local, or state level. It is a form of decentralization.
2. An American constitutional principle that is similar to devoultion would be federalism. Federalism allows power to be delegated to states. While the national government has power over war and foreign policy, state governments have power over their roadways and state regulations.
3. The Good Friday Agreement allowed power to be devolved between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. The Northern Referendum asked voters to support a multi-party system. I predict the Scottish will vote no to the independece referendum. They have relied on UK for too long.
buy tramadol cod buy tramadol order cheap tramadol online - tramadol in drug test
nike huaraches, nike air max, lululemon, north face outlet, hermes belt, ralph lauren, iphone 6 plus cases, giuseppe zanotti outlet, s6 case, mac cosmetics, timberland boots, iphone 6 cases, iphone 6s cases, hollister, mcm handbags, ipad cases, iphone 6s plus cases, nfl jerseys, new balance shoes, herve leger, chi flat iron, mont blanc pens, ferragamo shoes, bottega veneta, soccer shoes, oakley, wedding dresses, insanity workout, iphone 5s cases, louboutin, p90x workout, beats by dre, hollister clothing, babyliss, north face outlet, valentino shoes, nike trainers uk, nike roshe run, jimmy choo outlet, abercrombie and fitch, soccer jerseys, baseball bats, celine handbags, ghd hair, longchamp uk, reebok outlet, iphone cases, asics running shoes, instyler, vans outlet
moncler, pandora jewelry, canada goose, toms shoes, canada goose outlet, converse, gucci, doudoune moncler, moncler, links of london, canada goose jackets, juicy couture outlet, moncler uk, ugg uk, hollister, canada goose outlet, marc jacobs, moncler, wedding dresses, pandora jewelry, vans, pandora charms, converse outlet, louis vuitton, canada goose uk, montre pas cher, moncler outlet, barbour uk, ugg pas cher, pandora uk, ugg,ugg australia,ugg italia, barbour, moncler, replica watches, lancel, hollister, karen millen uk, swarovski, louis vuitton, ugg,uggs,uggs canada, nike air max, louis vuitton, louis vuitton, ray ban, louis vuitton, moncler outlet, swarovski crystal, thomas sabo, juicy couture outlet, coach outlet, supra shoes, canada goose
Post a Comment